CTEVT IT fundamental 2079 Solutions

 

1.       What is computer software? Describe the system software?

Computer software is a collection of programs and data that are used to operate and manage computer systems. 

It includes system software, which controls the computer hardware, and application software, which performs 

specific tasks for the user.

System software refers to a type of computer software that controls and manages the hardware and other software applications on a computer system. It includes the operating system, device drivers, utilities, and language processor that are used to run and manage hardware resources and other software applications.

2.     Q.   Differentiate between 3^rd and 4^th generation computer with example.

Parameter	3rd Generation Computer	4th Generation Computer
Time Period	1964 - 1971	1972 - Present
Processor Technology	Integrated Circuits	Microprocessors
Performance	Low to Medium	High
Memory Management	Manual	Automatic
User Interface	Command Line	Graphical User Interface
Examples	IBM System/360	IBM PC, Apple Macintosh

 

Q. Draw block diagram of digital computer and explain how data is processed in digital computer?

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

• Input: The data is entered into the computer through an input device, such as a keyboard, mouse, or scanner, which is responsible for converting the data into a form that can be understood by the computer's memory and CPU.
• Processing: The CPU retrieves the data from memory and performs arithmetic and logical operations on it. The CPU is made up of two main components: the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit.
• ALU: The ALU performs mathematical and logical operations on the data, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• Control Unit: The Control Unit manages the flow of data and instructions between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It also interprets the instructions and controls the operation of the CPU.
• Memory: The data is stored in the computer's memory, which is a temporary storage location where the data can be accessed by the CPU.
• Output: Once the data has been processed, it is sent to an output interface, which converts the data into a form that can be understood by an output device, such as a monitor or printer. The processed data is then displayed or printed by the output device.

 Q. what is memory? write different between RAM and ROM.

Memory is a physical device or system that is used to store, retain, and retrieve data and instructions for use in a computer or other digital electronic devices.

RAM	ROM
Volatile (temporary)	Non-volatile (permanent)
Stores data and instructions temporarily	Stores data and instructions permanently
Random access	Sequential access (read-only)
Smaller to larger depending on the system	Smaller compared to RAM
Requires power to hold data	Does not require power to hold data
DDR4, DDR3, DDR2, SDRAM, SRAM, VRAM	PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, Mask ROM, CD-ROM, DVD

 

 

Q. Describe the functions of operating system.

An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides services to computer programs. The primary function of an operating system is to provide an interface between the user and the hardware, enabling users to interact with the computer and run applications. Some of the key functions of an operating system include

• 1.      Memory Management: The operating system manages the computer's memory resources, allocating memory to different programs and ensuring that they do not interfere with each other.
• 2.      Processor Management: The operating system schedules the use of the CPU, ensuring that different programs and processes get the necessary time on the CPU to execute their instructions.
• 3.      Input/Output (I/O) Management: The operating system manages the communication between the computer's hardware and software, handling input and output operations such as reading and writing data to disks or sending data over a network.
• 4.      File Management: The operating system manages the computer's file system, creating, deleting, and organizing files and directories.
• 5.      User Management: The operating system manages user accounts and permissions, controlling access to resources and ensuring the security of the system.
• 6.      Device Drivers Management: The operating system manages device drivers, which are software components that enable communication between the computer's hardware devices and the operating system.
• 7.      Security: The operating system provides security features to protect the system against unauthorized access, viruses, and other security threats.
• 8.      Networking: The operating system provides networking services, enabling communication between computers on a network and facilitating access to resources such as printers and file servers.
• 9.      Error Handling: The operating system detects and handles errors, providing error messages and recovery mechanisms when error 
•  

Q. Write four internal DOS command and its functions

• 1.      DIR - Displays a list of files and folders in the current directory, including their size, date, and time stamps.
• 2.      CD - Changes the current directory to a specified location on the computer's hard drive or a network drive.
• 3.      TYPE - Displays the contents of a text file on the screen, allowing users to read the file without opening it in an editor.
• 4.      COPY - Copies one or more files from one location to another on the computer's hard drive or a network drive, allowing users to create backups or move files between directories.

Q. Write different between HUB and switch

Criteria	Hub	Switch
Function	Broadcasts incoming data to all connected devices	Sends data only to the intended device
Network Performance	Low	High
Collision Domain	Single	Multiple
Bandwidth	Shared	Dedicated
Ports	Fewer	More
Cost	Inexpensive	Expensive
Security	Less secure	More secure
Support for Network Management	Limited	Better support
Suitable for	Small networks	Large networks

 

Q. Discuss various cables used in computer networks.

1.      Ethernet cables: Also known as twisted pair cables, these are the most commonly used cables in networks. They come in different categories, such as Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat7, and are used to connect devices such as computers, routers, and switches. 

• 2.      Coaxial cables: These cables are used to transmit signals over long distances and are commonly used in cable TV and internet connections. 
• 3.      Fiber optic cables: These cables use light to transmit data over long distances at high speeds. They are commonly used in high-speed internet connections and in data centers. 
• 4.      USB cables: These cables are used to connect devices to a computer, such as printers, external hard drives, and cameras. 
• 5.      HDMI cables: These cables are used to transmit high-definition video and audio signals between devices, such as computers, TVs, and projectors. 
• 6.      VGA cables: These cables are used to transmit analog video signals between devices, such as computers and monitors. 

Q. What is computer virus? Write different techniques to remove virus from your computer.

A computer virus is a type of malicious software program that can replicate itself and infect other programs or files on a computer. Viruses can cause a range of problems, from slowing down computer performance to deleting important files or stealing personal information.

There are several techniques you can use to remove a virus from your computer:

• Ø  Install reputable antivirus software and regularly update it.
• Ø  Run a full system scan with your antivirus software.
• Ø  Use a virus removal tool available online.
• Ø  Boot your computer in Safe Mode and scan for viruses.
• Ø  Manually delete suspicious files, but be careful not to delete important system files.
• Ø  Restore your system to an earlier point in time before the virus was present.

Q. Write features of spreadsheet package.

A spreadsheet package is a software tool that allows users to organize and manipulate data in a tabular format using mathematical and statistical functions. It is commonly used for tasks such as budgeting, accounting, and data analysis in fields like business and finance.

Features:

• Ø  Organization of data in rows and columns
• Ø  Ability to perform mathematical and statistical calculations
• Ø  Data visualization through graphs and charts
• Ø  Conditional formatting to highlight important data
• Ø  Data filtering and sorting options
• Ø  Import and export of data from different formats
• Ø  Macros and automation of tasks
• Ø  Data protection and encryption features for secure data storage.

  

Q. Write short note on web browser.

A web browser is software used to access and view web pages on the internet. It interprets HTML code and displays web content. It allows users to navigate the internet using URLs or search terms and provides features like bookmarks, history, and tabs. Popular web browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari, and Opera.

 

Q. Write short note on CRT.

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) is an older technology used to display images on electronic devices such as TVs and computer monitors. It works by using an electron gun to emit a beam of electrons onto a phosphorescent screen to create an image. CRTs were bulky, heavy, and consumed a lot of energy compared to newer technologies such as LCD, LED, and OLED displays. They were commonly used in computer monitors until the early 2000s but have since been largely phased out.

 

Q. Write short note on Hard disk.

A hard disk is a non-volatile data storage device used to store and retrieve digital information on a computer. It is composed of metal disks coated with a magnetic material and is commonly used to store the operating system, applications, and user files. Hard disks are available in various sizes and transfer data at high speeds using interfaces like SATA, SCSI, or SAS. They are affordable and reliable but susceptible to physical damage and data loss.

 

Q. Write short note on topology.

Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of nodes or devices in a network. There are several types of network topologies, including:

1.      Bus Topology: A bus topology consists of a single cable that connects all devices in the network. Each device communicates directly with the cable, and messages are broadcast to all devices on the network.

2.      Star Topology: In a star topology, each device is connected to a central hub or switch. Messages are sent through the hub, which directs them to the appropriate device.

3.      Ring Topology: A ring topology connects devices in a circular chain, with each device connected to the next. Messages are sent around the ring in one direction.

4.      Mesh Topology: In a mesh topology, each device is connected to every other device in the network. This type of topology provides redundancy and fault tolerance.

5.      Hybrid Topology: A hybrid topology combines two or more different topologies. For example, a network may use a star topology for local connections and a mesh topology for long-distance connections.